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is a unique face database collected at
the Machine Vision and Media Processing Unit,
University of Oulu which contains color images of faces under
different illuminants and camera calibration
conditions as well as skin spectral reflectance measurements of each
person. In addition, the camera channel response and the spectral power
distribution of illuminants used are provided, thus
the term physics-based. The database may be of general interest to face
recognition researchers and of specific interest to color
researchers.
- Contains 125 different faces each in 16
different camera calibration and illumination
condition, an additional 16 if the person has glasses.
- Faces in frontal position captured
under Horizon, Incandescent, Fluorescent and Daylight illuminant
- Includes 3 spectral reflectance of skin
per person measured from both cheeks and forehead
- Contains RGB spectral response of camera
used and spectral power distribution of illuminants.
An image series of one
person contains 16 frontal views each of which are taken under different illuminant calibration conditions by a 3CCD Sony DXC-755P
camera. One image is 428x569 in 24-bit RGB, stored in
BMP-format and is compressed using command 'compress' in UNIX. If
the person had glasses another 16 images were taken with the person wearing
them. There are minor variations in pose and distance between persons and
camera.
Four illuminants
provided by Macbeth Luminare were used for image
acquisition: Horizon (denoted as h), Incandescent (CIE Illuminant A) (a), TL84 Fluorescent (t), and
Daylight (CIE D65) (d).
Images of faces were taken
under dark room condition. A gray screen was placed behind the sitting subject
and the sides were surrounded by black curtains. Camera was first calibrated
under one illuminant then images were taken without
changing the camera settings under this and the three other illuminants.
The same procedure were done for all illuminants resulting in 16 conditions.
Two letters are used to
denote illumination condition: first letter stands for illuminant
used in camera white balancing and second for the current illuminant.
Thus, 'ah' means that the camera was calibrated under illuminant 'a' and the current illuminant
under which the image is taken is 'h'. For faces with glasses on, the
letter 'l' is added. For example, an image file ahl94.bmp.Z
is a compressed BMP file of person 94 with glasses on taken under condition ah.
Example: person 94
Click
on a sample to see the full image.
Spectral reflectance of
facial skin were measured in three points (right cheek of image (cheek 1 in
plot ), forehead and left cheek of image( cheek 2 in plot ) ) from
400nm to 700nm by 10nm steps with a Minolta CM-2002 spectrophotometer. In the
database, these measurements are saved as text files and are named personNNN_1,
personNNN_2 and personNNN_3, respectively, where NNN denotes
person number.
person94_1, _2 and _3.
In addition, spectral
sensitivities of the R,G and B channel of the 3CCD Sony DXC-755P
and the spectral power distribution of the four illuminants
are included from 400nm to 700nm in 10nm steps.
Note: the real camera sensitivities
and spectral power distribution of the lamps
were not measured in the laboratory.
The UOPB Face Database is
available for research and verification purposes upon e-mail
request to Prof. Matti Pietikäinen. Please indicate your mailing address and the person or
institution to whom the invoice will be addressed. The
complete database will be sent in 2 CD's for a fixed handling fee of 35 € to
cover copying and postage costs (this is non-profit). Invoice will be delivered
with the CD. For legal reasons and for the privacy of the database
participants, only faces 1, 3, 14, 25, 94 and 111 may be used for
presentation or publication. Also, please cite one of the publications below to
refer to the database.
- E. Marszalec, B. Martinkauppi, M. Soriano, M. Pietikäinen (2000), 'A physics-based face database for color research', Journal of Electronic Imaging Vol. 9 No. 1 pp. 32-38.
- M. Soriano, E. Marszalec, M. Pietikäinen (1999), 'Color correction of face images under different illuminants by RGB eigenfaces ', Proc. 2nd Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication Conference (AVBPA99), March 22-23, Washington DC USA pp. 148-153.
- Martinkauppi B, (1999) Improving results of simple RGB-model
for cameras using estimation. Proc. SPIE Europto
Conf. on Polarization and Color Techniques in
Industrial Inspection, June 17-18, Munich, Germany, pp. 295-303.
- M. Soriano,
B. Martinkauppi, E. Marszalec,
M. Pietikäinen (1999), 'Making saturated images useful again', Proc. SPIE Europto Conf. on Polarization and Color
Techniques in Industrial Inspection, June 17-18, Munich, Germany, pp.
113-121.